Synthesis of Vanadium Pentoxide (V₂O₅) by Green Method Using Olive Oil as A Reducing Agent and Study of its Physical Properties

Ahmed Saleh Yaseen; Yosef Othman Homeda; Mohammad M. Al-Tufah; Mutlak Saud Khalaf; Mohannd Faisal Shareef

doi:10.61132/obat.v3i6.1943

Authors

Ahmed Saleh Yaseen Tikrit University
Yosef Othman Homeda Tikrit University
Mohammad M. Al-Tufah Ministry of Education
Mutlak Saud Khalaf Ministry of Education
Mohannd Faisal Shareef Tikrit University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61132/obat.v3i6.1943

Keywords:

Catalysis, Green Chemistry, Nanomaterials, Vanadium Pentaoxide, X-Ray Diffraction

Abstract

This study reports the green synthesis of vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) using virgin olive oil as a natural and environmentally benign reducing agent. The approach aims to minimize the environmental impacts associated with conventional synthesis routes. Structural and physicochemical characterizations confirmed the successful formation of nanoscale V₂O₅. X‑ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated an average crystallite size of approximately 16.57 nm, evidencing high crystallinity. Fourier‑transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed characteristic V=O and V–O–V vibrations with bands associated with physisorbed water, confirming the correct oxide framework. Field‑emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‑SEM) showed irregularly shaped nanoparticles with a representative particle diameter of ~32.62 nm. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analyses yielded a specific surface area of 10.817 m²/g, a total pore volume of 0.024277 cm³/g, and a broad mesoporous distribution (20–90 nm). Energy‑dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the purity of V₂O₅ with weight fractions of V (69.40%) and O (30.60%), consistent with the stoichiometric composition. Overall, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of olive oil as a green reducing agent for preparing nanoscale V₂O₅, which is promising for catalysis, energy storage, sensors, and clean‑energy applications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aimbetova, I., Jimenez-Castaneda, R., Clavijo-Blanco, J., Umirov, B., & Seitov, B. (2023). Investigation of optical and physico-chemical properties of titanium-doped V₂O₅ nanofilms. Complex Use of Mineral Resources, 325(2), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.31643/2023/6445.17

Ajeya, K. V., Sadhasivam, T., Kurkuri, M. D., Kang, U. I., Park, I. S., Park, W. S., Kim, S. C., & Jung, H. Y. (2020). Recovery of spent VOSO₄ using an organic ligand for vanadium redox flow battery applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 399, 123047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123047

Aswini, K., Munirathnam, K., Manjunath, V., Reddy, N. N. K., Alhammadi, S., Kumar, K. S., Golkonda, S. R., Minnam Reddy, V. R., Kim, W. K., Ranjith, R., & Amina, M. (2025). Enhanced microstructure and electrical performance of a cost-effective Ni/Cu/n-GaN Schottky diode with a V₂O₅ interlayer for optoelectronic applications. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 36(7), 430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-14466-y

Azimi, Y., Hosseini, M. R., Azimi, E., & Pedram, H. (2024). Comparison of enhanced neural network and response surface models in predicting bio-dissolution of aluminum and vanadium. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2024.105685

Boni, M., Bouabdellah, M., Boukirou, W., Putzolu, F., & Mondillo, N. (2023). Vanadium ore resources of the African continent: State of the art. Ore Geology Reviews, 157, 105423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105423

Cestarolli, D. T., & Guerra, E. M. (2021). Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅): Obtaining methods and applications. In Transition metal compounds: Synthesis, properties, and application (p. 27). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96860

Ch, S. L., Sameera, M., Jayasree, M., Kamala, G., & Degala, R. P. (2025). A review of industrial applications of green chemistry. Journal of Pharma Insights and Research, 3(1), 186–196. https://doi.org/10.69613/der2my50

Chauhan, P. S., Kumar, S., Mondal, A., Sharma, P., Parekh, M. N., Panwar, V., Rao, A. M., & Misra, A. (2023). Stacked vanadium pentoxide–zinc oxide interface for optically chargeable supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 11(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA06790K

Gao, Y., Remón, J., & Matharu, A. S. (2021). Microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatments for biomass valorisation: A critical review. Green Chemistry, 23(10), 3502–3525. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC00623A

Gardeli, C., Sykioti, S., Exarchos, G., Koliatsou, M., Andritsos, P., & Panagou, E. Z. (2025). Differentiation of extra virgin olive oil from other olive oil categories based on FTIR spectroscopy and random forest. Applied Sciences, 15(3), 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031061

Gnanasekar, S., & Nirmala Grace, A. (2022). V₂O₅ nanosheets as an efficient, low-cost Pt-free alternate counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. ChemNanoMat, 8(2), e202100382. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202100382

Hu, P., Hu, P., Vu, T. D., Li, M., Wang, S., Ke, Y., Zeng, X., Mai, L., & Long, Y. (2023). Vanadium oxide: Phase diagrams, structures, synthesis, and applications. Chemical Reviews, 123(8), 4353–4415. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00546

Kamali, S., Esfandyari, M., & Jafari, D. (2025). A review of the application of polymeric materials in microbial fuel cells. Polymer Bulletin, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-025-05792-6

Kaur, J., & Kumar, R. (2025). Rapid dye removal using MoO₃-incorporated V₂O₅ nanocomposites: Laboratory experiments and real-world applications. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5245116

Le, D. N., Le, T. A., Le, T. P. H., Dang, C. M., Tu, P. H., Shiratori, Y., & Doan, T. C. D. (2025). Morphology evolution of Fe-doped V₂O₅ flower-like microspheres for H₂S adsorption. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 335, 130541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.130541

Nguyet, T. T., Van Duy, L., Nam, N. C., Dat, D. Q., Nguyen, H., Hung, C. M., Van Duy, N., & Hoa, N. D. (2025). Transition from p-type to n-type semiconductor in V₂O₅ nanowire-based gas sensors: Synthesis and sensing mechanism. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 424, 136841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2024.136841

Roznyatovskaya, N. V., Fühl, M., Roznyatovsky, V. A., Noack, J., Fischer, P., Pinkwart, K., & Tübke, J. (2020). Influence of free acid in vanadium redox-flow battery electrolyte on power drop effect and thermally induced degradation. Energy Technology, 8(10), 2000445. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000445

Sohaimi, K. S. A., Jaafar, J., & Rosman, N. (2023). Synthesis, properties, and applications of vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) as photocatalyst: A review. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 19(5), 901–914. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2774

Son, Y., Song, S., Lee, D., Han, S., Lee, J., Kwon, S., Jeon, J., Bae, J. S., Kim, H. H., Kang, H., & Park, S. (2025). In situ electrical resistance monitoring of vanadium oxide reduction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 180705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.180705

Tong, C. (2025). Flexible zinc-ion batteries. In Advanced energy materials for flexible batteries (pp. 181–229). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83971-9_6

Wang, Z., Chen, L., Yin, R., Li, Z., Deng, G., Liang, B., Zhu, Y., Wu, K., & Luo, D. (2023). Preparation of vanadyl sulfate electrolyte for vanadium flow battery from vanadium slag. Hydrometallurgy, 222, 106146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106146

Wei, L., Hou, H., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, R., & Li, R. (2025). Preparation of vanadium flow battery electrolytes: In-depth analysis and prospects. Ionics, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06498-5

Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Xu, S., Xu, C., & Rui, X. (2023). Advanced vanadium oxides for sodium-ion batteries. Advanced Functional Materials, 33(49), 2306055. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202306055