The Effect Of Ferritin Concentration As A Result Of Iron Deficiency and Its Effect On Corona Patients

Maha Jalil  Jabbar; Hatef Rahim Mahdi

doi:10.61132/obat.v3i3.1238

Authors

Maha Jalil Jabbar Al-Qadisiyah Education
Hatef Rahim Mahdi Al-Qadisiyah Education Directorate

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61132/obat.v3i3.1238

Keywords:

Ferritin, Covid-19 , Corona virus, immune, Iron

Abstract

Ferritin is considered a protein that contains iron and includes two types of subunits: ferritin light chain (FTL) and ferritin heavy chain (FTH), which increases when inflammation increases, especially in the heart and kidneys, and helps in converting ferrous iron into iron. The light subunit is present in the liver and spleen and has a role in storing iron (1). Coronavirus (COVID-19) caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a disease It is new to humanity, as it is accompanied by symptoms during the disease, including blood abnormalities, with activation of the immune system and phagocytic monocytes, and damage to the lungs. In our study, we showed that ferritin is an indicator of the severity of the disease and mortality (2). Acute respiratory syndrome (Coronavirus), which causes pneumonia and damages the heart, liver, and kidneys, is caused by the appearance of acute inflammatory cytokines that lead to death (3). A cytokine is a small protein that transmits messages to help stimulate the body’s immune response, and its rise causes increased inflammation, and these Cytokines secreted by macrophages (TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6) where there is high inflammation in the plasma. An indicator of the progress and severity of the disease (3).

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

(1). Kurian, S. J., Mathews, S. P., Paul, A., Viswam, S. K., Nagri, S. K., Miraj, S. S., & Karanth, S. (2023). Association of serum ferritin with severity and clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients: An observational study in a tertiary healthcare facility. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 21, 101295.‏

(2). Tural Onur, S., Altın, S., Sokucu, S. N., Fikri, B. I., Barça, T., Bolat, E., & Toptaş, M. (2021). Could ferritin level be an indicator of COVID‐19 disease mortality?. Journal of medical virology, 93(3), 1672-1677.‏

(3). Gómez-Pastora, J., Weigand, M., Kim, J., Wu, X., Strayer, J., Palmer, A. F., ... & Chalmers, J. J. (2020). Hyperferritinemia in critically ill COVID-19 patients–is ferritin the product of inflammation or a pathogenic mediator?. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 509, 249.‏

(4). Gorji, A., & Ghadiri, M. K. (2021). Potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Nutrition, 82, 111047.‏

(5). Hoagland, D. A., Møller, R., Uhl, S. A., Oishi, K., Frere, J., Golynker, I., ... & Lim, J. K. (2021). Leveraging the antiviral type I interferon system as a first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Immunity, 54(3), 557-570.‏

(6). Garcia-Casal, M. N., Pasricha, S. R., Martinez, R. X., Lopez-Perez, L., & Pena-Rosas, J. P. (2021). Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5).‏

(7). Effenberger, M., Grander, C., Grabherr, F., Griesmacher, A., Ploner, T., Hartig, F., ... & Tilg, H. (2021). Systemic inflammation as fuel for acute liver injury in COVID-19. Digestive and Liver Disease, 53(2), 158-165.‏

(8). Parker, M. L., Storm, S., Sholzberg, M., Yip, P. M., & Beriault, D. R. (2021). Revising ferritin lower limits: it’s time to raise the bar on iron deficiency. The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, 6(3), 765-773.‏

(9). Bozkurt, F. T., Tercan, M., Patmano, G., Tanrıverdi, T. B., Demir, H. A., & Yurekli, U. F. (2021). Can ferritin levels predict the severity of illness in patients with COVID-19?. Cureus, 13(1).‏

(10). Zhao, M., Wang, M., Zhang, J., Gu, J., Zhang, P., Xu, Y., ... & Wan, J. (2020). Comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 at different ages. Aging (Albany NY), 12(11), 10070.‏

(11). Haschka, D., Hoffmann, A., & Weiss, G. (2021, July). Iron in immune cell function and host defense. In Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology (Vol. 115, pp. 27-36). Academic Press.‏

(12). Pecora, F., Persico, F., Argentiero, A., Neglia, C., & Esposito, S. (2020). The role of micronutrients in support of the immune response against viral infections. Nutrients, 12(10), 3198.‏

(13). Gurunathan, S., Qasim, M., Choi, Y., Do, J. T., Park, C., Hong, K., ... & Song, H. (2020). Antiviral potential of nanoparticles—can nanoparticles fight against coronaviruses?. Nanomaterials, 10(9), 1645.‏

(14). Sender, V., Hentrich, K., Pathak, A., Tan Qian Ler, A., Embaie, B. T., Lundström, S. L., ... & Henriques-Normark, B. (2020). Capillary leakage provides nutrients and antioxidants for rapid pneumococcal proliferation in influenza-infected lower airways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(49), 31386-31397.‏

(15). Duca, L., Nava, I., Vallisa, D., Vadacca, G. B., Magnacavallo, A., Vercelli, A., ... & Banchini, F. (2022). Iron and COVID-19: a prospective cohort study in the Emergency Department of Piacenza (Italy). Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 93(2).‏

(16). Nemeth, E., & Ganz, T. (2021). Hepcidin-ferroportin interaction controls systemic iron homeostasis. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(12), 6493.‏

(17). Cheng, L., Li, H., Li, L., Liu, C., Yan, S., Chen, H., & Li, Y. (2020). Ferritin in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis, 34(10), e23618.‏

(18). Deng, F., Zhang, L., Lyu, L., Lu, Z., Gao, D., Ma, X., ... & Jiang, W. (2021). Increased levels of ferritin on admission predicts intensive care unit mortality in patients with COVID-19. Medicina Clínica (English Edition), 156(7), 324-331.‏

(19). Tofano, R. J., Pescinni-Salzedas, L. M., Chagas, E. F. B., Detregiachi, C. R. P., Guiguer, E. L., Araujo, A. C., ... & Barbalho, S. M. (2020). Association of metabolic syndrome and hyperferritinemia in patients at cardiovascular risk. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 3239-3248.‏

(20). Elibol, E., & Baran, H. (2021). The relation between serum D-dimer, ferritin and vitamin D levels, and dysgeusia symptoms, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 135(1), 45-49.‏

(21). Lino, K., Guimarães, G. M. C., Alves, L. S., Oliveira, A. C., Faustino, R., Fernandes, C. S., ... & Almeida, J. R. (2021). Serum ferritin at admission in hospitalized COVID-19 patients as a predictor of mortality. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 25(2), 101569.‏

(22). Georgieff, M. K. (2020). Iron deficiency in pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 223(4), 516-524.‏

(23). Peng, D., Gao, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, Z., Wang, H., & Liu, Y. (2022). The relationship between hepcidin-mediated iron dysmetabolism and COVID-19 severity: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in public health, 10, 881412.‏

(24). Duca, L., Nava, I., Vallisa, D., Vadacca, G. B., Magnacavallo, A., Vercelli, A., ... & Banchini, F. (2022). Iron and COVID-19: a prospective cohort study in the Emergency Department of Piacenza (Italy). Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 93(2).‏

(25). Qu, M., Zhang, H., Chen, Z., Sun, X., Zhu, S., Nan, K., ... & Miao, C. (2021). The role of ferroptosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 651552.‏

(26). Lv, J., Hou, B., Song, J., Xu, Y., & Xie, S. (2022). The relationship between ferroptosis and diseases. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 2261-2275.‏ Alroomi, M., Rajan, R., Omar, A. A., Alsaber, A., Pan, J., Fatemi, M., ... & Abdelnaby, H. (2021). Ferritin level: a predictor of severity and mortality in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Immunity, inflammation and disease, 9(4), 1648-1655.‏

(27). Lanser, L., Burkert, F. R., Bellmann-Weiler, R., Schroll, A., Wildner, S., Fritsche, G., & Weiss, G. (2021). Dynamics in anemia development and dysregulation of iron homeostasis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Metabolites, 11(10), 653.‏