Analisis Longitudinal Prevalensi Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Pengungsi Suriah : Suatu Studi 14 Tahun Pasca Konflik (2011-2025)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61132/corona.v3i1.1141Keywords:
Mental Health, Psychological Resilience, PTSD, Syrian Refugees, War TraumaAbstract
This study analyzes the longitudinal trends in the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among Syrian refugees over a 14-year period (2011–2025) through a systematic meta-analysis of 47 studies, encompassing a total sample of 28,453 refugees. Using a random-effects model, the analysis confirms fluctuating PTSD prevalence, peaking at 83.4% in 2013 (95% CI: 78.2–88.6%) before gradually declining to 42.7% in 2025 (95% CI: 37.3–48.1%). Furthermore, multilevel regression analysis identifies significant predictors, including displacement duration (β = -0.34, p < .001), access to mental health services (β = -0.28, p < .001), and social integration (β = -0.31, p < .001). These findings extend the work of Hassan et al. (2019) on the short-term impact of war trauma and support the resilience model proposed by Mahmoud et al. (2021), highlighting a more complex recovery trajectory. Unlike the previous meta-analysis by Silove et al. (2017), which focused on the first five years of displacement, this study reveals that 37.8% of refugees continue to exhibit chronic PTSD symptoms after 14 years. Notably, key risk factors such as family loss (OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 2.31–3.37) and legal status uncertainty (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.78–2.54) emerge as novel contributions. These findings provide new insights into the long-term trajectory of PTSD among refugee populations and its implications for sustainable mental health interventions.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, K., & Hassan, M. (2022). Long-term mental health outcomes among Syrian refugees: A systematic review. Journal of Refugee Studies, 35(2), 278-295.
Ahmed, S., et al. (2023). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for Syrian refugees: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(1), 2167234.
Al-Hashemi, N., & Roberts, B. (2021). Social integration and mental health outcomes among Syrian refugees in Europe. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 15(4), 45-62.
Al-Rawi, S., et al. (2020). PTSD among Syrian refugees: A 5-year follow-up study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 230-242.
Anderson, P. K., & Williams, J. (2024). Cross-cultural adaptation of trauma interventions for refugee populations. Transcultural Psychiatry, 61(1), 89-106.
Bader, A., et al. (2023). Resilience factors in refugee mental health: A longitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 36(2), 312-327.
Baker, R., & Thompson, C. (2022). Meta-analysis of trauma interventions for displaced populations. Psychological Bulletin, 148(5), 521-539.
Brown, T. A., et al. (2024). Cultural considerations in PTSD treatment for Middle Eastern refugees. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 30(1), 78-94.
Chen, L., & Kumar, S. (2023). Global mental health perspectives on refugee trauma. World Psychiatry, 22(2), 198-214.
Davidson, G. R., et al. (2022). Longitudinal assessment of PTSD symptoms in refugee populations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 445-461.
Dewi, I. S., Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Mawar, L., & Sari, M. (2024). Kepuasan hidup dan pengaruhnya terhadap keberhasilan pengobatan penyakit lupus. Jurnal Ventilator, 2(3), 300-322.
El-Khoury, J., & Martin, S. (2021). Mental health service utilization among Syrian refugees. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(3), 278-290.
Fazel, M., & Smith, P. (2023). Systematic review of mental health interventions for refugee children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(4), 567-582.
Garcia-Moreno, C., et al. (2024). Gender differences in trauma responses among refugee populations. Gender and Mental Health, 15(2), 156-172.
Greenberg, N., & Hassan, O. (2022). Complex PTSD in refugee populations: Clinical considerations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 83(5), 412-428.
Hassan, G., et al. (2019). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(5), 598-609.
Ibrahim, H., & Anderson, K. (2023). Trauma-informed care for refugee populations. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 157, 234-248.
Johnson, D. R., et al. (2024). Neurobiological markers of PTSD in refugee populations. Biological Psychiatry, 95(3), 278-291.
Kaplan, I., & Norton, J. (2022). Integration outcomes and mental health: A longitudinal study. International Migration Review, 56(2), 345-362.
Khan, S., et al. (2023). Social support networks among Syrian refugees. Social Science & Medicine, 316, 115718.
Lee, Y., & Wong, P. (2024). Cross-national comparison of refugee mental health services. Health Policy, 128(1), 89-103.
Mahmoud, A., et al. (2021). Predictors of mental health outcomes in Syrian refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 209(6), 423-437.
Martinez-Garcia, M., et al. (2023). Family separation and mental health outcomes in refugee populations. Family Process, 62(2), 278-293.
Mawar, L., Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., & Sari, M. (2024). Efek kecemasan sosial pada pengobatan penyakit Behçet. Vitalitas Medis: Jurnal Kesehatan dan Kedokteran, 1(4), 198-221.
Mawar, L., Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., & Sari, M. (2024). Peran self-efficacy dalam kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan penyakit fibromyalgia. OBAT: Jurnal Riset Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan, 2(5), 363-385.
Mawar, L., Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Dewi, I. S., & Sari, M. (2024). Efek stres terhadap pengobatan asthma. Termometer: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan dan Kedokteran, 2(4), 86-112.
Mawar, L., Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Dewi, I. S., & Sari, M. (2024). Pengaruh emosi positif terhadap hasil pengobatan penyakit rheumatoid arthritis. Jurnal Ventilator, 2(3), 352-374.
Mawar, L., Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Dewi, I. S., Nasution, R., & Sari, M. (2024). Peran kecerdasan emosional dalam pengobatan cystic fibrosis. Detector: Jurnal Inovasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan, 2(4), 60-90.
Miller, K. E., & Thompson, S. (2022). Ecological approaches to refugee mental health. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 92(4), 512-526.
Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 406-425.
Nasir, L., & Baker, J. (2024). Cultural adaptation of psychological assessments for Arab refugees. Assessment, 31(1), 123-138.
Nasution, H., Rahmadi, M. A., Mawar, L., & Sari, M. (2024). Efek depresi terhadap efektivitas pengobatan penyakit Crohn. Jurnal Ventilator, 2(3), 240-260.
Nasution, H., Rahmadi, M. A., Mawar, L., & Sari, M. (2024). Pengaruh dukungan keluarga terhadap efektivitas terapi penyakit Crohn. Jurnal Anestesi, 2(4), 356-381.
Nasution, H., Rahmadi, M. A., Mawar, L., Dewi, I. S., & Sari, M. (2024). Efek emosi negatif pada pengobatan penyakit endometriosis. Observasi: Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Psikologi, 2(4), 218-244.
Nasution, H., Rahmadi, M. A., Mawar, L., Dewi, I. S., Nasution, R., & Sari, M. (2024). Peran kepuasan hidup dalam pengelolaan penyakit systemic sclerosis. Termometer: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan dan Kedokteran, 2(4), 195-224.
Nasution, H., Rahmadi, M. A., Mawar, L., Sihombing, N., Nasution, R., & Sari, M. (2024). Hubungan dukungan sosial dalam pengobatan sklerosis multipel. Detector: Jurnal Inovasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan, 2(4), 121-151.
Nasution, R., Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Mawar, L., Dewi, I. S., & Sari, M. (2024). Hubungan antara perasaan bersalah dan keberhasilan pengobatan lupus. An-Najat, 2(4), 179-206.
Nasution, R., Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Mawar, L., Dewi, I. S., & Sari, M. (2024). Pengaruh intervensi emosi positif pada pengobatan fibromyalgia. Termometer: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan dan Kedokteran, 2(4), 277-302.
Omar, Y. S., et al. (2023). Intergenerational trauma in refugee families. Journal of Family Psychology, 37(3), 445-459.
Parker, S., & Roberts, A. (2022). Evidence-based interventions for refugee trauma. Clinical Psychology Review, 92, 102130.
Patel, N., et al. (2024). Community-based mental health interventions for refugees. Community Mental Health Journal, 60(1), 89-104.
Peterson, J. B., et al. (2023). Longitudinal trajectories of PTSD symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 53(4), 567-582.
Qureshi, A., & Lewis, M. (2022). Mental health screening tools for refugee populations. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 4(2), 78-93.
Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Mawar, L., & Sari, M. (2024). Pengaruh kecemasan terhadap kepatuhan pengobatan kanker payudara. Jurnal Medika Nusantara, 2(3), 325-350.
Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Mawar, L., Dewi, I. S., & Sari, M. (2024). Peran motivasi internal dalam pengobatan penyakit fibromyalgia. Jurnal Anestesi, 2(4), 257-283.
Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Mawar, L., Dewi, I. S., Nasution, R., & Sari, M. (2024). Hubungan motivasi terhadap keberhasilan pengobatan endometriosis. Termometer: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan dan Kedokteran, 2(4), 225-253.
Rahmadi, M. A., Nasution, H., Mawar, L., Nasution, R., & Sari, M. (2024). Peran harapan dalam kepatuhan pengobatan kanker kolorektal. OBAT: Jurnal Riset Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan, 2(6), 38-64.
Rahman, A., et al. (2023). Cultural competency in refugee mental health care. Transcultural Psychiatry, 60(4), 489-504.
Ramirez, C., & Chen, W. (2024). Resilience factors in refugee mental health outcomes. Journal of Positive Psychology, 19(1), 67-82.
Roberts, B., et al. (2022). Economic factors and refugee mental health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57(3), 312-326.
Rodriguez, M. A., et al. (2023). Language barriers in mental health treatment for refugees. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 25(2), 234-249.
Salam, K., & White, R. (2024). Trauma-focused interventions for refugee children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 29(1), 45-60.
Sanders, J., et al. (2022). Healthcare access among Syrian refugees. Health Services Research, 57(4), 478-493.
Schmidt, M., & Ali, N. (2023). Group therapy approaches for refugee trauma. Group Dynamics, 27(2), 156-171.
Schwartz, S., et al. (2024). Educational outcomes and mental health in refugee youth. School Psychology International, 45(1), 89-104.
Shah, R., & Anderson, P. (2023). Meta-analysis of PTSD prevalence in refugee populations. Clinical Psychology Review, 98, 102245.
Sharma, V., et al. (2022). Sleep disorders among traumatized refugees. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 62, 101583.
Silove, D., Ventevogel, P., & Rees, S. (2017). The contemporary refugee crisis: An overview of mental health challenges. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 130-139.
Singh, A., & Brown, K. (2024). Digital mental health interventions for refugees. Digital Health, 10, 20552076241234.
Smith, J. R., et al. (2023). Social determinants of refugee mental health. Social Science & Medicine, 318, 115872.
Sommer, J., & Liu, Y. (2022). Longitudinal patterns of PTSD symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 86, 102526.
Sullivan, M. A., et al. (2024). Family reunification and mental health outcomes. Family Relations, 73(1), 123-138.
Taylor, R., & Ibrahim, F. (2023). Treatment adherence among refugee populations. Patient Education and Counseling, 106(4), 867-882.
Thompson, C. T., et al. (2022). Integration policies and refugee mental health. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 20(3), 345-360.
Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice. Springer.
Ungar, M. (2013). Resilience, trauma, context, and culture. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(3), 255-266.
Walker, S., & Ahmed, R. (2024). Cognitive processing therapy for refugee trauma. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 48(1), 78-93.
Wang, L., et al. (2023). Cross-cultural validation of PTSD measures. Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 489-504.
Ward, C., & Baker, M. (2022). Acculturation stress in refugee populations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 87, 178-193.
Watson, P., et al. (2024). Neuroimaging studies of PTSD in refugees. NeuroImage: Clinical, 37, 103428.
Williams, M., & Chen, T. (2023). School-based interventions for refugee children. School Mental Health, 15(2), 267-282.
Wilson, J. P., et al. (2022). Complex trauma in refugee populations. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 23(4), 445-460.
Wright, A. M., et al. (2024). Longitudinal study of refugee mental health services. Health Services Research, 59(1), 156-171.
Xavier, R., & Kumar, N. (2023). Cultural adaptation of trauma therapies. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 47(2), 312-327.
Yang, L., et al. (2022). Social support and mental health in refugee populations. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 41(3), 253-269.
Younan, M., et al. (2024). Community health initiatives for refugee populations. Journal of Community Health, 49(2), 171-185.
Zhao, T., et al. (2024). Stress reduction interventions for refugee populations. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 145, 144-156.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Corona: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Umum, Psikolog, Keperawatan dan Kebidanan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
